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I. Growing Inequality and unrest A. The senate was the real govering body of the Roman state in the 2nd century 1. members drawn from landed artistocracy a. remain for life to hold chief officals for the republic 2. directed wars 3. controled the foreign and domesticiced policyes 4. teamed with political offices that were controlled by a circle of the rich and powerful families B. the backbone of the Roman state and armies were farmers C. Tiberious and Gaius believed that Roman's problems were declined by small farmers 1. urged to council to pass land or reform bills 2. were killed by a goup of senaters in 133 B.C. II. A New Role for the Army A. Marius included his armies in the begaining of the first century 1. recruited volunteers from the urban and rural poor who had no property a. they were promised land by Marius if they helped out 2. created a new army 3. left a powerful legacy 4. created a new system of military recruitment B. Lucius cornelis was the next general of the military sytem 1. won and seized Rome in 82 B.C. 2. restored power of the senate a. elimated most of the people from the popular assemblies 3. hoped to someday create a firm foundation to restore his power of the republic to the senate III. The Collaspe of the Republic A. **__A triumvirate is government by three people with equal power__** 1. __crassus, pompey, and Julius Caesar__ B. The Rublicon river formed the southern boundary of Caecar's province in war C. A dictator is an absolute ruler with unlimated power D. Caesar gave land to the senate of 900 members E. Roman empire grew larger, but was too small for 2 kings F. Octavian and Antony began to come into conflict with one another G. Anthony allied himself with queen Cleopatra VII, which he fell in love with 1. his army was smashed by Octavian's forces 2. commited suicide H. Octavian won over the Roman world IV. **__The Age of Augustus- was a period that begin in 31 B.C.and ended in 114 A.D.__** A. __Octavian proclaimed the " restoration of the republic"__ 1. became the first emperor of Rome 2. was awarded by the senate for his new name- "__**Augustus**"__ - " __The reversed One__" a. was given the title by the senate Imperator- commander in chief 1. gave us our word word emperor b. mainainted a standing army of about 5,000 troops c. set up a practorian gaurd of roughly 9,000 men d. stablized the frontiers of the Roman empire V. The Early Empire A. The Augustus political system selected four menmbers for his family to rule the empire 1. **__Tiberious, Caligula, Caligius, and Nero__** B. Nerva, Trajan, Hadvian Anthonius pius, and Marcus Aurelius created a period of peace and prosperity known as the **__Pax Romana- "Roman Peace"__** 1. lasted for almost 100 years 2. created building programs for people such as aqueducts, bridges, roads, and hardor faclithies C. Trajan extended Roman rule into Dacia, Mesopotamia, and the sinai Pensula D. Hadivan withdrew Roman force and went on defensive in his frontier policy 1. strenghened the fortifications connecting the Rhine and Panubo 2. built a denfensive wall of about 80 miles to keep out the scots E. The Roman empire was one of the greatest states the world had ever seen 1. covered 3.5 million people and had over 50 million people F. leeways were given to local cusroms and privilages of Roman citizen G. Carazuila gave Roman citizens to every free person in the empire H. In Roman Cities 1. Romans spreaded culture, laws, and latin lanauages 2. Provincial resembled with temples, markets, and public buildings 3. local acts as Roman agents performed government duties and taxation I. Language in Rome: latin was in the west; greek was in the east and culture spread to all parts of the empire J. __//Latifundia//- large, landed estates__ 1. raised sheep and cattle on large seale using slave labor K. Upper classes lived lives of great lisure and luxuary goods on their vast estates L. small farmers often became dependent on the huge estates M. Poor citizens worked in shops and markets N. Non-workers depended on the emperor to give them grain to survive
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