10.1+Outline

Peasants, Trade, and cities I. The New Agriculture A. Population in Europe increased dramatically, which led to increases in food production 1. peace and stability 2. change in climate to improve government conditions 3. more land to farm, as peasants cut down trees and drain swamps 4. new intentions, such as the horse collar, horseshoe, and Carruca 5. the shift from 2-3 to a 3-field system of crop rotation II. The Manorial system A. Manor- an agricultural estate run by a lord and worked by peasants B. serfs- peasants legally bound to the land 1. provided labor services by working lord's land 2. paid rents by giving the lords a share of every product they raised and also had to pay them for the use of the manor's common pastureland's, streams, ponds, and surrounding woodlands 3. also were obligated to pay a tithe ( a tenth of their produce) to their local village churches 4, had certain rights to obey by their lords a. control marriage b. resolve legal issues c. to demand payments for services d. levy taxes III. Daily Life of the Peasantry A. Peasants lived in cottages that was made out of wooden frame onto which was plastered wattle and daub with a mixture of mud, straw, and manure 1. their diet was made of nutritious varieties of foods such as bread, wheat, rye, barley, and etc. 2. usually ate meat only on great feast days, like Christmas and Easter 3. their activities were determined on the seasons that they worked 4. feast days (holidays), Sunday Mass, baptisms, marriages, and funerals brought them into contact with the village church and also gave them a break form working. B. The Role of women 1. worked the fields and at the same time bear children 2. their ability to manage the household could determine whether their family would starve or survive in difficult times IV. The Revival of Trade A. Medieval Europe was basically an agricultural society in which most people lived in small Villages B.New features of revival of trade and an associated growth of towns and cities emerged 1. cities in Italy took the lead such as Venice and Flanders 2. a money economy emerged, which led to new practices of a commercial capitalism, an economic system which people invested in trade and goods in order to make profits V. The Growth of Cities A. With the revival of trade, Merchants began to settle in the old Roman cities B. Merchants usually built settlements near by castles because the castles were located on trade routes and could offer protection that became known as burghers or bourgeoisie ( German word meaning "walled enclosed") C. Most towns were dependent on the food grown in the surrounding manors 1. were often part of the territory belonging to a lord and were subject to his autority D. Towns people requirements of freedom to trade 1. buy and sell property 2. freedom from military service to the lord 3. a written law that guarantees freedom of the townspeople 4. the right for an espaced serf to become a free person after living a year and a day in the town E. New towns received the right to govern by choosing officials, and having a lowcourt F. Medicial cities government purposes 1. citizens getting to elect the numbers of a city council elections rigid to make sure patricans, people with power and wealth were elected VI. Daily life in the medieval city A, Facts about Medical cities 1. the walls were expensive to build, so the space inside was limited and crowed 2. streets were narrow, and houses were built against one another 3. the cities were often dirty and smelled from animal and human waste 4. air population and water pollution was a fact of life 5. there were more men than women VI. Industry and Guilds A. Craftspeople began to organize themselves into guilds, or business associations 1. set standards for the good produced and determined the prices of goods 2. also determined the number of people who could who could enter a trade and what procedure they had top follow to do so B. A person who wanted to learn a trade first became an aprentice, usually around the age of 10 1. not paid but received room and board from their master 2. after 5-7 years of service, they became journeymen and worked wages 3. to become masters, they had to produce a masterpiece, a finished piece in their craft a. used to judge whether a journeyman was qualified to become a master and join the guild
 * __Chapter 10.1 Outline__**